In the human body, veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. They are one of three types of blood vessels that make up the circulatory system: arteries, veins, and capillaries. The name Veins is also known under several variations including Vine, Vines, Vinn, and Veyn.

Origins

The origins of the veins family tree are not mainly well known, but the name has been traced back to England in the great wave of immigration following the Norman Conquest. At that time, pronunciation guided spelling, so it is unsurprising that the same name was recorded under variations such as Vine, Vines, Vyne, and Vein.

The first depiction of varicose veins was on a Greek tablet that dates to the 4th century BCE. It shows a man holding a leg that is inflamed and discolored, supposedly due to a varicose vein.

Early members of the Veins family tree that settled in North America include Thomas Vine who sailed to Barbados in 1663, and Michael and Susannah Vine who arrived in Maryland in 1720. In addition, some members of the Veins family tree migrated to Ireland.

Variations

Vein traits scale characteristically with leaf size in most species (Table S2). Generally, the larger the leaf, the smaller the major veins, and vice versa. This is because the main veins are formed during the slow phase of leaf expansion.

Several to many fine, equal basal veins diverging at low angles and branching freely toward the margin. Also called reticulate or net-veined. Typical of monocotyledons such as grasses.

A prominent central midrib and secondary veins that run parallel to each other to the margin or tip, but do not join (anastomose). Typically found in dicotyledons and some monocots.

A fenestrated EJV is an EJV with two origins but one end [43]. In contrast, a duplication of an EJV is an EJV that receives a tributary from another part of the SCM [44]. These variations in EJV anatomy provide multiple benefits such as cost-efficiency for sugar transport; pressure equilibration in leaves; and tolerance to blockage or damage to the EJVs by herbivory or biotic stress (Table S2). The hierarchy of vein orders may also confer biomechanical support and protection against herbivory.

Early settlers

Before the advent of the printing press and dictionaries, English was not a standardized language, and spelling was often guided by sound. As a result, a person’s name might be recorded under several variations during the course of his or her lifetime. Early variants include Vine, Vines, Vinn, Veyn, and Vein. Some members of the Veins family tree migrated to North America in the early 1700s. Some early settlers included: Thomas Vine and Michael and Susannah Vine.